• Based on scientific evidence, Japan should consider the introduction of equipment for genetic diagnostic testing at an early date, as well as ways of promoting the utilization of genetic testing in clinical settings while also keeping in mind the limitations of insurance coverage.
• To prevent outbreaks at medical facilities, Japan should work to create an environment that makes early containment possible, including by offering public support for the storage of surveillance cultures, and by promoting diagnostic thoroughness in order to prevent mass outbreaks, and an environment that encourages early containment.
• To counteract infectious diseases at elderly care facilities or facilities where genetic diagnoses aren’t available, Japan should promote educational environments that can foster professionals such as microbiologists, or others with knowledge about public health.

• -Alongside push incentives (subsidies for drug development) for R&D at universities and pharmaceutical companies, it is important to implement pull incentives (incentives designed to reward drug development or provide returns on investment) that could help to increase the profit predictability for antibiotics for which low returns are expected and reflect the value of the drugs in their prices by considering how the drugs would be used under ideal situations where drugs are used appropriately.

• To enable the permanent monitoring of AMR, Japan must consider methods for highly reliable, cross-specialty data collection and utilization, as well as data analysis methods in the short-term.
• In order to comprehensively collect and utilize information about the kinds of resistant bacteria that commonly develop at elderly care facilities, Japan should consider working to promote the collection and utilization of data via regional networks.
• In order to facilitate correct understanding about infectious diseases among governments, medical facilities, and citizens, and in order to make it possible for Japan to consider, as a country, what safety measures should be implemented, Japan should create a culture of broadly sharing data on the usage of antibacterial drugs and other relevant issues.
• Japan should support the creation of scientific evidence that meets global standards for quality and reliability that has high, world-wide reliability and consider mechanisms for returning this evidence to clinical settings and to the public.

• Japan should promote cooperation between the technology sector and pharmaceutical companies. We should also support the sharing of data among governments, industry, and academia.
• Japan should display international leadership in combating AMR by investing funds in the promotion of basic research, both domestic and foreign, and in the maintenance and promotion of medical systems.
• In order to bolster the efforts of the One Health Approach, Japan should consider how to establish innovative mechanisms that would promote cooperation among industry, government, and academia, including in the agricultural and environmental fields.

• Along with ensuring access to antibacterial drugs in such a way that takes into account the actual circumstances of regional medical systems, Japan should go even further to exhaustively promote the proper use of antibacterial drugs in order to prevent the proliferation of resistant bacteria.
• Japan should recognize that AMR is a global concern and promote the further implementation of its National Action Plan, including from the perspective of the One Health Approach.

• Japan should work to communicate information about AMR around the world in the form of an action package that includes specific measures for achieving the goals specified in the action plan.
• While promoting the international development of advanced technologies to counteract infectious diseases, Japan should consider bilateral cooperation aimed at achieving universal health coverage (UHC) globally, as well as technological collaboration among specialists working in collaboration with the UN and other international agencies, and mechanisms that promote R&D.
• Japan should work independently as well to foster the international cooperation for the initiatives of the action plan.

• From the perspective of the One Health Approach, Japan should maintain an environment conducive to the sharing of initiatives across government organizations, academic research institutes, and industry related to AMR countermeasures, which are linked to a wide variety of issues such as the environment and food supplies.
• Not only governments, industry, and academia, but also the media and other stakeholders should take an active role in conveying correct information to the public.